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Gemstone
PROPERTIES
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION
N a m e Moh's
Hard.		Specific
Gravity		StructureCleavageRefractive
Index		DoubleDisp.Pleochro.Fluorescence
Diamond10 3.47-3.55IsometricPerfect2.417-2.419None0.044NoneVariable
Moissanite* 9.5 3.20 e g Yes i j k
Ruby
Corundum		9 3.97-4.08 Hexagonal None 1.766-1.774-0.008 0.018 Strong Strong red
Sapphire
Corundum		9 3.99-4.00 Hexagonal None 1.766-1.774-0.008 0.018 Varies Variable
Alexandrite 8.5 3.70-3.73 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.744-1.755+0.011 0.015 v Weak None
Chrysoberyl 8.5 3.70-3.72 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.744-1.755+0.011 0.015 v Weak None
Rhodozite 8 3.4 e f g h i j k
Spinel 8 3.58-3.61 Isometric Imperfect 1.712-1.736None 0.026 None Red: Strong red
Weak other colors
Taaffeite 8 3.6 e f g h i j k
Topaz 8 3.53-3.56 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.610-1.638+0.008
-0.010		0.014Definite to weakWeak
YAG* 8 4.6 e f g h i j k
Aquamarine 7.5+ 2.67-2.71 Hexagonal None 1.577-1.583-0.006 0.014 Definite None
Beryl 7.5+ 2.65-2.75 Hexagonal None 1.570-1.600-0.006
-0.009		0.014Definite to weakWeak to none
Emerald 7.5+ 2.67-2.78 Hexagonal None 1.576-1.5820.006 0.014 Definite None
Gahnite 7.5+ 3.58-3.98 e f g h i j k
Painite 7.5+ 4.1 e f g h i j k
Almandine Garnet7.5 3.95-4.20 Isometric Imperfect 1.78-1.81 None 0.024 None None
Andalusite 7.5 3.12-3.18 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.641-1.648-0.007 0.016 Strong Weak
Euclase 7.5 3.10 Monoclinic Perfect 1.652-1.672+0.020 0.016 v Weak None
Hambergite 7.5 2.35 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.559-1.631+0.072 0.015 None None
Uvarovite Garnet7.5 3.77 Isometric Imperfect 1.870 None None None None
Andradite Garnet7+ 3.60-3.68 Isometric Imperfect 1.738-1.745None 0.027 None None
Cordierite 7+ 2.58-2.66 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.53-1.55 -0.008
-0.012		0.017v StrongNone
Danburite 7+ 3.0 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.630-1.636-0.006 0.017 Weak Sky Blue
Garnet 7+ 3.60-3.80 Isometric Imperfect 1.730-1.815None 0.022
0.027		None None
Grossular
Garnet		7+ 3.60-3.68 Isometric Imperfect 1.738-1.745None 0.027 None None
Iolite 7+ 2.58-2.66 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.53-1.55 -0.008
-0.012		0.017v StrongNone
Pyrope
Garnet		7+ 3.65-3.80 Isometric Imperfect 1.730-1.760None 0.022 None None
Rhodolite
(Pyrope Garnet)		7+3.65-3.80Isometric Imperfect 1.730-1.760None 0.022 None None
Spessartite
(Garnet)		7+ 4.12-4.20 Isometric Imperfect 1.795-1.815None 0.027 None None
Staurolite 7+ 3.7-3.8 e f g h i j k
Tourmaline 7+ 3.02-3.26 Hexagonal None 1.616-1.652-0.014
-0.044		0.017Definite to strongWeak
Amethyst Quartz 7 2.63-2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 v Weak Weak
Citrine Quartz 7 2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 v Weak None
Dumortierite 7 3.26-3.41 orthorhombic Perfect 1.686-1.723-0.037 None Strong Weak
Prasiolite**
(Quartz)		7 2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 v Weak None
Rock-Crystal
(Quartz)		7 2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 v Weak None
Smoky Quartz 7 2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 Definite None
Rose Quartz 7 2.65 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 Weak Weak
Tiger's Eye
(Quartz)		7 2.64-2.71 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553+0.009 0.013 None None
Zircon 6.5-7.5 4.90-4.71 Tetragonal Imperfect 1.777-1.987+0.059 0.039 v Weak to DefiniteWeak
Agate
(Quartz) 		6.5+ 2.60-2.65 Hexagonal None 1.54-1.55 up to
+0.006		0.013None Variable
Axinite 6.5+ 3.27-3.29 Triclinic Perfect 1.675-1.685-0.010 None Strong None
Chalcedony
(Quartz)		6.5+2.58-2.64 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553up to
+0.006		NoneNone Blue-white
Chloromelanite
Jade		6.5+3.30-3.36 Monoclinic Imperfect 1.654-1.667+0.013
to None		NoneNone v Weak
Chrysoprase
(Quartz)		6.5+2.58-2.64Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553up to
+0.004		Nonev Weak None
Dematoid
Garnet 		6.5+ 3.62-3.85 Isometric Imperfect 1.888-1.889None 0.057 None None
Fossilized Wood
(Quartz)		6.5+2.60-2.65HexagonalNone About 1.54 None None None None
Heliotrope
Bloodstone
(Quartz)		6.5+2.6-2.7HexagonalNone1.54-1.55 up to
+0.006		NoneNone Variable
Jadeite Jade 6.5+ 3.35 Monoclinic Imperfect 1.654-1.667+0.013
to None		NoneNone v Weak
Jasper Quartz 6.5+ 2.58-2.91 Hexagonal None About 1.54 None None None None
Kornerupine 6.5+ 3.27-3.31 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.665-1.682-0.013 0.018 Strong None
Peridot 6.5+ 3.27-3.36 Orthorhombic Imperfect 1.654-1.690+0.036 0.020 v Weak None
Sard Quartz 6.5+ 2.58-2.64 Hexagonal None 1.544-1.553up to
+0.006		NoneNone None
Tanzanite 6.5+ 3.28-3.35 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.691-1.700+0.009 0.030 v strong None
Zoisite 6.5+ 3.28-3.35 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.691-1.700+0.009 0.030 v strong None
Idocrase 6.5 3.32-3.42 Tetragonal Imperfect 1.700-1.721+-0.0050.019 Weak None
Saussurite 6.5 ? e f g h i j k
Sinhalite 6.5 3.47-3.49 Orthorhombic None 1.669-1.707-0.038 0.018 Definite None
Smaragdite 6.5 3.25 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Sillimanite 6-7.5 3.25 e f g h i j k
Cassiterite 6-7 6.8-7.1 Tetragonal Imperfect 1.997-2.093+0.096 0.071 Definite None
Epidot 6-7 3.4 Monoclinic Perfect 1.733-1.768+0.035 0.030 Strong None
Hiddenite
Spodumene		6-7 3.16-3.20 Monoclinic Perfect 1.665-1.680+0.015 0.017 Definite v Weak
Kunzite
Spodumene		6-7 3.16-3.20 Monoclinic Perfect 1.665-1.680+0.015 0.017 Definite Strong
Amazonite 6+ 2.56-2.58 Triclinic Perfect 1.522-1.530-0.008 0.012 None Weak
Aventurine Feldspar6+ 2.62-2.65 Triclinic Perfect 1.532-1.542+0.01 None Weak Dark brown-red
Benitoite 6+ 3.65-3.68 Triagonal None 1.757-1.804+0.047 0.039
0.046		v StrongStrong blue
Ekanite 6+ 3.28 e f g h i j k
Labradorite 6+ 2.69-2.70 Triclinic Perfect 1.560-1.568+0.008 None None Yellow striations
Moonstone 6+ 2.56-2.62 Monoclinic Perfect 1.520-1.525-0.005 0.012 None Weak
Nephrite Jade 6+ 2.90-3.02 Monoclinic Lengthwise: perfect1.600-1.627-0.027
to none		None WeakNone
Orthoclase 6+ 2.56-2.60 Monoclinic Perfect 1.520-1.525-0.005 0.012 None Weak
Petalite 6+ 2.40 Monoclinic Perfect 1.502-1.518+0.016 0.014 None Weak; orange
Prehnite 6+ 2.87-2.93 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.61-1.64 +0.030 None None None
Pyrite 6+ 5.0-5.2 Isometric None Over 1.81 None None None None
Rutile 6+ 4.20-4.30 Tetragonal f g h i j k
Strontium titanite*6+ 5.13 e f g h i j k
Amblygonite 6 3.01-3.03 Triclinic Perfect 1.611-1.637+0.026 ? None v Weak
Bytownite 6 2.71-2.74 e f g h i j k
Sanidine 6 2.57-2.58 e f g h i j k
Thulite 6 3.35 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.691-1.700+0.009 None None None
Tugtipite 6 2.36-2.57 Tetragonal f g h i j Strong red
Hematite 5.5-6.5 4.95-5.16 Hexagonal None 2.94-3.22 -0.28 None None None
Opal 5.5-6.5 1.98-2.20 Amorphous None 1.44-1.46 None None None Variable
Rhodonite 5.5-6.5 3.40-3.70 Triclinic Perfect 1.733-1.744+0.011 None Definite None
Tremolite 5.5-6.5 2.90-3.10 e f g h i j k
Actinolite 5.5+ 3.03-3.07 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Anatase 5.5+ 3.82-3.95 e f g h i j k
Beryllonite 5.5+ 2.80-2.85 Monoclinic Perfect 1.553-1.562-0.009 0.010 None None
Elaeolite 5.5+ 2.55-2.65 e f g h i j k
Hauynite 5.5+ 2.40 Isometric f g h i j k
Periclase 5.5+ 3.70-3.90 Isometric f g h i j k
Psilomelane 5.5+ 4.35 e f g h i j k
Sodalite 5.5+ 2.13-2.29 Isometric Perfect 1.48 None None None Strong orange
Brazilianite 5.5 2.98-2.99 Monoclinic Perfect 1.603-1.623+0.020 0.014 v Weak None
Chromite 5.5 4.10-4.90 e f g h i j k
Enstatite 5.5 3.26-3.28 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.663-1.673+0.010 None Definite None
Leucite 5.5 2.45-2.50 Isometric and Tetragonalfg h i j k
Moldavite
(tektite)		5.52.32-2.38 Amorphous None 1.48-1.50 None None None None
Natrolite 5.5 2.20-2.25 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Willemite 5.5 3.89-4.18 Tetragonal f g h i j Strong green
Scapolite 5-6.5 2.57-2.74 Tetragonal perfect 1.540-1.560-0.009
-0.020		0.017DefiniteVariable
Cancrinite 5-6 2.4-2.5 e f g h i j k
Diopside 5-6 3.27-3.31 Monoclinic Perfect 1.671-1.726+0.028 None Weak Strong dark violet
Hypersthene 5-6 3.4-3.5 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Ilmenite 5-6 4.72 e f g h i j k
Lapis Lazuli 5-6 2.4-2.9 Isometric None About 1.50 None None None Strong white
Lazulite 5-6 3.1-3.2 Monoclinic Perfect 1.615-1.673-0.030 None Strong None
Tantalite 5-6 5.18-8.20Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Turquoise 5-6 2.60-2.80 Triclinic None 1.61-1.65 +0.04 None Weak Weak
Datolite 5+ 2.90-5.00 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Obsidian
(Natural glass)		5+2.3-2.8Amorphous None 1.48-1.51 None 0.010 None None
Sphene 5+ 3.52-5.54 Monoclinic Perfect 1.885-2.050+0.105
+0.135		0.051VariableNone
Thomsonite 5+ 2.3-2.4 e f g h i j k
Apatite 5 3.17-3.23 Hexagonal Poor 1.632-1.646-0.002
-0.004		0.016Weak to v StrongVariable
Augelite 5 2.7 e f g h i j k
Dioptase 5 3.28-3.35 Hexagonal Perfect 1.664-1.709+0.053 0.022 Weak None
Glass* 5 3.15-4.20 Amorphous None About 1.50 None 0.010 None Variable
Hemimorphite 5 3.4-3.5 Orhtorhombic Perfect 1.614-1.636+0.022 None None Weak to None
Smithsonite 5 4.3-4.5 Hexagonal Perfect 1.621-1.849-0.228 0.014
0.031		NoneNone
Wardite 5 2.81 e f g h i j k
Kyanite 4.5-7 3.65-3.69 Triclinic Perfect 1.715-1.732-0.017 0.020 Strong blues to colorlessStrong red
Apophylite
Fish-eye		4.5+2.30-2.50 Tetragonal f g h i j k
Scheelite 4.5+ 5.1-6.1 Tetragonal Perfect 1.918-1.934+0.016 0.026 Definite Variable
Zincite 4.5+ 5.66 Hexagonal f g h i j k
Colemanite 4.5 2.42 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Kurnakovite 4.5 1.86 Triclinic f g h i j k
Purpurite 4.5 3.2-3.4 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Variscite 4-5 2.4-2.6 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.55-1.59 -0.010 None None None
Fluorite 4+ 3.18 Isometric Perfect 1.434 None 0.007 None Usually strong blue-violet
Barytocalcite 4 3.66 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Magnesite 4 3.0-3.12 e f g h i j k
Rhodochrosite 4 3.30-3.70 Hexagonal Perfect 1.600-1.820-0.22 None None Weak red
Dolomite 3.5-4.5 2.85-2.95 Hexagonal f g h i j k
Chalybite
Siderite		3.5-4.53.85 Hexagonal f g h i j k
Aragonite
Tufa
Travertine		3.5+2.94e f 1.530-1.685-0.155 i j k
Azurite 3.5+ 3.7-3.9 Monoclinic Perfect 1.730-1.838+0.108 None Definite None
Cuprite 3.5+ 5.85-6.15 Isometric f g h i j k
Chalcopyrite
Copper pyrite		3.5+4.1-4.3Tetragonalf g h i j k
Malachite 3.5+ 3.75-3.95 Monoclinic Perfect 1.655-1.909-0.254 None v Strong None
Sphalerite 3.5+ 4.08-4.10 Cubic Perfect 2.368-2.371None 0.156 None Variable to None
Cerussite 3.5 6.46-6.57 Orthorhombic Perfect 1.804-2.078-0.274 0.051 None Variable to None
Howlite 3.5 2.53-2.59 Monoclinic? f g h i j k
Witherite 3.5 4.27-4.35 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Coral 3-4 2.6-2.7 hexagonal None 1.486-1.658-0.172 None None Weak
Pearl 3-4 2.60-2.78 MicrocrystalineNone 1.52-1.69Weak
or none		NoneNone Weak
Anhydrite 3+ 2.90-2.99 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Celestine
Celestite		3+3.97-4.00 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Barite
Barytes		3 4.5 Orthorhombic f g h i j k
Calcite 3 2.71 Hexagonal f g h i j k
Wulfenite 3 6.7-7.0 Tetragonal f g h i j k
Jet 2.5-4 1.30-1.35 e None 1.64-1.68 None None None None
Crocoite 2.5+ 5.9-6.1 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Garnierite 2.5+ 2.3-2.8 (Organic) f g h i j k
Phosgenite 2.5+ 6.13 Tetragonal f g h i j k
Gaylussite 2.5 1.99 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Proustite
Ruby silver		2.55.57-5.64Tetragonal f g h i j k
Pseudophite 2.5 2.5-2.6 e f g h i j k
Serpentine 2.5 2.4-2.8 Monoclinic None 1.560-1.571None None None Partly yellow
Chrysocolla 2-5.5 2.00-2.40 Amorphous None About 1.50 None None Weak None
Ivory 2-4 1.7-2.0 (Organic) None 1.54 None None None Various blues
Amber 2-3 1.05-1.30 Amorphous None 1.54 None None None Variable
Meerschaum 2+ 2.00 Orthorhombic
Microcrystaline		None1.53NoneNone None None
Alabaster 2+ 2.30-2.33 Microcrystaline?f 1.520-1.530+0.010 None j k
Ulexite 2 1.9-2.0 Triclinic Perfect 1.491-1.520+0.029 None None variable
Vivianite 1.5-3 2.6-2.7 Monoclinic f g h i j k
Stichtite 1.5-2.5 2.2 Monoclinic None 1.560-1.571None None None k
Sulphur 1.5+ 2.05-2.08 Orthorhombic f g h i j k


Footnotes, Notes, Comments, and Definitions:
* Man made material
** Not found in nature. Created by heating amethyst and yellow quartz
"v" = Very
"Disp." = Dispersion: Ability to split or divide white light into various colors like the rainbow.
"Pleochro." = Pleochroism: Ability to have different color or depth of color when viewed in different directions.
Refraction: A ray of light leaves one medium (for instance air) and enters into another (such as a gem) at a different angle. "Refraction" is the amount of the difference of the two lines of the same ray of light. Similar to a pole partly in water and partly out of water. The pole appears to bend in the water where the water and the air meet.
Refractive Index The amount of refraction defined as the proportional relationship between the speed of light in air to that of the gemstone, crystal, or gem rough. Can be determined by a refractometer
"Double" = Double Refraction: The ability to have one ray of light split into two rays of light. Therefore, having two refractive indices. It is expressed as the differance between the highest and lowest refractive indices. An expert lapidarist can situate the cut of the stone in such a way to almost alleviate the blurred affect or the doubling effect of facet edges or images as one looks into or through double refractive stones. Can be determined with a polariscope
  1. Gemstones having a Moh's Hardness of less than 5 are too soft for jewelry and are basically collector stones.
  2. About 170 gemstones are listed above. Many not listed are rare collectible gemstones.
  3. Please notify us about any errors or additional information.
  4. Please help us add to the list. If you know of a gemstone not listed, please provide us with the information and documentation.
  5. Thank you!
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